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About 96% of the São Tomé population of 169 000 people inhabits the island of São Tomé, with the remainder located on the island of Príncipe.

The demographic projections of São Tomé and Príncipe for the 2012-2035, made by the NSI, indicate a national population in 2018 of approximately 216,517 inhabitants and 279,981 inhabitants in 2030. There is a significant growth in the population of São Tomé and Príncipe, which will translate into economic advantages through consumption, but will also present challenges for development related to job creation and pressure on natural resources

The population is unevenly distributed among the districts of the archipelago: more than 64% of the country's population lives in Água Grande and Mé-Zóchi, in an area that represents 13.8% of the country's surface. The most populous cities in the country are located in the following districts: São Tomé, the capital, Água Grande and Trindade, in the Mé-Zóchi district. The district of Caué occupies 26.7% of the country's surface area, but it is home to only 3% of the country's population. This trend is reflected in the disparities in population concentration between rural and urban areas, with 67% of the population in urban areas and 33% in rural areas as a consequence of the rural exodus to urban centres.

A taxa de alfabetização ronda os 88% (INE, 2015)  

Portuguese is the official language, however the Santomean population also speaks various creole languages. These include Forro Creole, a language spoken by a large part of the population and widely used by the minority called Forro; Angolar Creole, used by the Angolar people and fishing community located in coastal areas; and Príncipense Creole, which is used mainly by the population located on the island of Príncipe. 

Total POP: 197700

Total População masculina

97988

Total População Feminina

99712

Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil

34

Taxa de Mortalidade Infanto Juvenil

41

Taxa Bruta de Natalidade

26.3%

Taxa Bruta de Mortalidade

6.1%

Total População urbana

133748

Total População Rural

63952

Esperança de Vida Total

67

Esperança de Vida Masculina

64

Esperança de Vida Feminina

71

Idade Média

20

Índice Sintético de Fecundidade

3

Idade média de fecundidade

30

Nascimentos

5190

Óbitos

1220

The GDP growth rate averaged 4.5% between 2009 and 2016. The economy was growing at 4% by the end of December 2017, then the rate dropped to 3% in 2018 and down to 1.3% in 2019. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the IMF reported that the economy contracted by -6.5% in 2020, in contrast to the 3.5% growth projected by the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe (BCSTP) at the end of 2019.

According to World Bank data, STP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita increased from $1,988 in 2019 to $2,158 in 2020.

The economy relies on agriculture, with cocoa production accounting for 57% of total exports in 2020, decreased from the 70.9% share reported by the central bank in 2019 due to the increase in palm oil production, which represented 30% of the country's total exports in 2020. STP also exports pepper, coconut oil, and coffee. STP approved a Tourism Strategy in 2018. According to the Directorate of Tourism, the number of visitors to archipelago increased from 8,000 in 2010 to 29,000 in 2016. In 2019, a total of 34,900 tourists visited STP, representing an increase of 4.5% compared to 2018. However, due to the pandemic, only 10,718 tourists visited in 2020, representing a 70% drop compared to the previous year.

The trade deficit is largely structural, totaling $105 million in 2020. The value of exports totaled $11.7 million in 2020 increasing from $9.7 million recorded in 2019. Total imports were $116.7 million in 2020 dropping from $126.3 million recorded in 2019.

STP is involved in potential oil exploitation in two different zones: the Joint Development Zone (JDZ) with Nigeria and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in its territorial waters. The development of the JDZ follows a 2001 treaty with Nigeria. The JDZ operates independently and 60% of revenues are allocated to Nigeria and 40% to STP. The treaty's term is for 45 years, with review after 30 years. The National Agency of Petroleum (ANP) administers the EEZ. ANP operates autonomously with policy guidance from the governing bodies of the country. STP has granted several licenses to firms looking to develop offshore oil blocks in past years. STP and Equatorial Guinea are also considering joint oil exploration of oil Block L-2 along the maritime border between the two countries.

The Trade and Investment Promotion Agency (APCI), housed in the Ministry of Planning, Finance and Blue Economy, promotes and facilitates investment through multi-sectoral coordination.